APPREACTIONS

 Ing. MANUEL E.  MARTINEZ.  Sub-secretary of Farm Promotion of the State Leon.  For the confidence, promotion and the economic support for this investigation. 

 Ing.  LUIS E. ARMERO WALL.  Advisor to the Sub-secretary of Farm Promotion of the state of Leon.  For all his support, counsel and technical advising in the project. 

 Ing.  VICENTE TELLEZ.  Responsible for the Agricultural Direction of Farm Promotion of the state of Leon.  For his economic support and advice for the project. 

Dr. MANUEL ZERTUCHE WAR.  Director of the Area of Agriculture and Technology of Food at the ITESM campus Monterrey.  For the aid and confidence in the development of this investigation. 

 MC MIGUEL A.  IBARRA RODRÍGUEZ.  Director of the Experimental Agricultural Field of Apodaca of the ITESM campus Monterrey.  By his great aid and technical support in the works carried out in this project. 

notably thanks to the companies: Agrico, Yaqui Neem International, Seminis, Quimcasa, NATURALI-PRO Gel and Imex-Gel, for providing all the materials used in this job and strong support for the Agricultural Investigation. 

Mr. Horacio Lara Red.  Technical Agricultural director of the Agricultural Field Apodaca at the ITESM campus Monterrey.  For his advice and technical aid for all the activities that were carried out in the field. 

To all the office workers at the Agricultural Field in Apodaca ITESM, for the help of the administrative works and the field workers that helped to carry out this investigation. 

ORGANIC TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PACKAGES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE IN CHILE JALAPEÑO.  ITESM 2003. 

 IGNACIO  MURRIETA MC MIGUEL A.  IBARRA RODRÍGUEZ Agricultural Field Director PROFESSOR-INVESTIGATOR of Apodaca DEPARTMENT OF AGRONEGOCIOS  ITESM  campus  MONTERREY

Ing. MANUEL E. MARTÍNEZ and  Ing.  LUIS E.  OF ARMERO Sub secretary of Farm Promotion Advisor to the Sub secretary of the State of Leon

                                                                          SUMMARY

The intensive farming in the last years has had an ecological impact in the soils to such degree that the organic quantities of matter are almost null, remaining in many cases as inert soils.  On the other hand each time more help in the zones of farming and the lack of water for irrigation, makes it necessary to seek alternatives that promote saving water.  The suppliers and farmers seek to exploit to the maximum the potential of the genetics’ of the plants through the generation of hybrids of different horticultures.  Due to the previous information based on organic evaluations of products were carried out to improve the soils called NATURALI-PRO BAC NP-90 and an insecticide organic based on the tree of the Neem called NEEMEX, accelerators of the metabolism of the plants in base to iodine’s (Q-2000), polymers organic and chemical (NATURALI-PRO Gel and Imex-Gel) and, the utilization of seeds improved mainly of horticultures.  The purpose of this evaluation was to identify and to generate organic technological packages of high economically feasible and productive potential in the cultivation of horticultures. Evaluate it with a scientific technological package with hybrids of Chile jalapeño. 

The evaluation was carried out on the Experimental Agricultural Field of the ITESM in Apodaca, N.L., during the early cycle. In the month of January of 2003 with seeds of Chile under greenhouse conditions. Two hybrids of Chile were used jalapeño Tula and Large. They were transplanted on the 27 and 28 of March.  Different packages were evaluated technological product the combination of the proposed technologies, with the Purpose to evaluate the effects synergetic, ecological and growth rates with technical-economics that support the production of horticulture in the state of Leon.  In the first test the hybrid one was Tula evaluated with eight different tests which are the following: " absolute test: without any technological support.  “test regional: normal system of production with the utilization of agro chemicals and fertilizers. “Package Tec. No. 1: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + polymer CHEMICAL (Imex-Gel) “Package Tec.  No. 2: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-2000VI + polymer CHEMICAL “Package Tec.  No. 3: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-ENERGY + polymer CHEMICAL “Package Tec.  No. 4: NATURALI-FOR BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-2000VI + Q-ENERGY + polymer CHEMICAL “Package Tec.  No. 5: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-ENERGY.  “Package Tec. No. 6: test regional + CHEMICAL polymer. 

A hierarchical design type was utilized; in eight different tests for comparison.  The test was in 6 beds separated apart 1.80 m and of 90 m  long. 

Second test was large hybrid jalapeno with two different tests and was evaluated in the following manner:

“Organic Package: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + polymer ORGANIC (NATURALI-PRO GEL).  “Mixed Package: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + CHEMICAL polymer.  In total the experimental area was approximately a hectare.  In all the technological packages under study 20% of the fertilizer was applied for the recommended region (225-100-00). With regard to the total performance highly significant differences among the test were found.  A clear tendency in the performance of the commercial quality of the fruit was observed. Greater performances were obtained in the technological packages four, five and six in the hybrid Chile jalapeño Tula as well as in the organic package and the mixed package in the large hybrid chili.  In the packages of greater performance included the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX, Q 2000, Q 2000VI, Q-ENERGY and a polymer chemical (Imex-Gel).  In the case of the organic packages was only the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX and a polymer organic (NATURALI-PRO GEL). 

An important point that stands out in this investigation is that all the packages in evaluation had was only 20% of the recommended fertilizer for Chile jalapeño was applied, the organic test had only natural fertilizers, the test regional had the recommended amount of fertilizer to produce Chile jalapeño under growing conditions of, Chihuahua.  If we observe the total performance of three cuts that we had, the absolute test reached a performance of 1356 kg/has, the commercial test of agriculture economics had the better conditions of fertilization and control of plagues with agro chemicals reached a production of 6855 kg /has, under the packages four, five and six which had a respective performance of 8799, 8625 and 8617 kg/has; thus Mixed and organic packages exceeded extensively in the test with productions of 10915 and 8517 kg/has.  It had a positive effect in improving the condition of the soils and in the prevention and control of plague, in the characteristics where the products impaction were: Reduction of the of water needed, increase in production, to produce with 80% less fertilizer, produced vigor and healthier plants, foliage of a dark green color, uniformed size of the fruits, better quality and intense colors of The fruits, greater performance and a greater shelf life. They did not have the type of viral illnesses presence and itself had a presence of worms in natural form.  In view of the savings of the cost of water, irrigation, and fertilizer and the use of bio-insecticides is way more rational. Was able to determine that it is feasible to reduce the costs of production of Chile jalapeño with the use of alternative organic packages, with an economic benefit to the producers, there is not any contamination of the environment produces a fruit free Toxics and contaminants that favor extensively to the agriculture of the State of Leon. 

 ORGANIC TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION PACKAGES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE IN CHILE JALAPEÑO.  ITESM 2003. 

 MC IGNACIO MIGUEL A.  IBARRA RODRIGUEZ Agricultural Field Director PROFESSOR-INVESTIGATOR of Apodaca DEPARTMENT OF AGRONEGOCIOS ITESM campus MONTERREY

 Ing. MANUEL E.MARTÍNEZ and Ing. LUIS E. ARMERO Sub-secretary of Farm Promotion Advisor to the Sub-secretary for the State of Leon

                                                                                      INTRODUCTION

 The intensive farming in the last years has had an ecological impact on the soils to such degree that the organic quantities of matter are almost null, and in many cases soils are inert. More help is needed in the agriculture zones because of the lack of water for irrigation; it had become necessary to seek alternatives that promote the savings of water.  The suppliers and farmers need to seek and exploit to the maximum the potential genetics of the plants through the generation of hybrids of the different growing methods. Due to the previous information acquired from testing based on organic evaluations of products that were carried out to improve soils by using NATURALI-PRO BAC AP-90 and an insecticide organic based on the tree of the Neem called NEEMEX, accelerators of the metabolism of the plants in base to iodine’s (Q-2000), organic polymers and chemical polymers (NATURALI-PRO Gel and Imex-Gel) and, the utilization of improved seeds mainly of natural origin. The purpose of these evaluations was to improve the biological, chemical, and physical condition of the soils, saving water in technologies research, and to exploit the hybrid vigor of the materials used by the suppliers and farmers, to measure the potential of the synergetic of the organic and to generate information agronomical for the economic benefit of the producing agriculture products in the state of Leon. 

                                                                                       PROBLEMS
The agriculture of the Greenhouse Revolution, has brought multiple benefits, has also created serious problems of residues and of degradation of the soils, contamination by insecticides and fertilizing synthetics, loss of the Bio-diversity of the fauna and micro organisms benefits, loss of the organic matter, high in salt and erosion, to a degree that makes them unproductive. 

                                                                                    JUSTIFICATION

We need to coexist with the nature, with that being the grounds for good results, we should begin to cultivate in a more respectful way with the  environment.  A healthy soil is the key of organic agriculture, feed for the plants and besides it provides them health, vitality and resistance to plagues and illnesses, being achieved an improved environment that permits the purification of productive agriculture systems

                                                                                      OBJECTIVE
To identify and to generate organic technological packages of high economically feasible and productive potential in the cultivation of horticultures.  In this case worked for evaluation with scientific severity of the technological package with hybrids of Chile jalapeño. 

                                                                         REVISIÓN OF LITERATURE

 According to Ortiz (2000) the Chile is one of the horticultures that has greater tradition has in Mexico upon forming part of the alimentary diet, today is cultivated in all the states of the Mexican Republic where the center of origin is considered.  In the national environment where there were harvested approximately 103, 000 hectares being the states of greater farming area of Mexico: Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Zacatecas and Sonorous the average performance for this period went of 12 tons by hectare fluctuating from 8 to 15 tons by hectare.  According to Ferreira and Santa Maria (1996) indicates that the mineral particles, the organic components and the microorganisms are found associates in the entity of the soil.  The interactions provoked by these associations affect the biological, chemical, and physical properties of this.  The microorganisms and the bimolecular play an important part in the transformations of the mineral particles.  The biological reactions and bio chemicals are carry out mainly in the roots where they abound exuded radical and the activity micro organisms is intense.  The factors exposed previously modify the dynamic one proclamation of the microorganisms in the organic matter; this contributes to the utilization of more fountains of nutriments, to the improvement of the residues organic and to the stability of the systems of agriculture. 

Cavern (1996) indicated that the investigation in organic production presents a very extensive panorama of options, where intervene practically all the environmental, biological disciplines and the economic.  The problems bio logics where the investigation is more urgent can be summarized in three large areas that are: a) to enlarge the fertility of the soil, b) the control of nutrients, c) control of plagues and illnesses.  In the aspect number one have been introduced nutrients and organic matter to the soil by means of the green leaf incorporation of bacteria and manures; itself this working with the application and cultivation of worms in the soil, application of composts and the inoculation with stumps of microorganisms or the systematic protection of the native microorganisms that carry the purpose of improving the soil. 

Quimcasa (2002) indicated that the products that they recommend for the best of the Mexican agriculture are: Q-2000. It is known as the standard alternative of any sanitary program; this gives it the multiple capacities to work in selective form against mushrooms, bacteria, micro plasmas, and virus and above all by being able to modify a positive form the photosynthetic activity of the plants.  They recommend that in the case of this product the management of the pH of the water (5.5) and the dose to utilize (1-5 ml of Q-2000/ lt. of water) are basic to take advantage of its potential as germicide.  Q-Energy.  It is a relatively new product that offers in short the benefits of a nutrition balanced and an excellent backup in the area of activity photosynthetic.  This is a product that feeds and activates in the cultivations; the main difference with Q-2000, is that this last one offers health and activation photosynthetic, it can not be used as a food for cultivations; but the capacity to activate is in the two. Q-2000 that I have seen. It is a variant one of the Q-2000 normal, in this product the forms have been incorporated molecular of Q-2000 that greater activity against virus present, besides two new ingredients with certain activity are being incorporated to kill virus’s.  This product was designed to reinforce the programs to sanitize viruses of horticultures belonging to the families Sultanates and Cucurbitaceous. The product presents activity against certain virus and also improves the activity photosynthetic. 

 Agric (1995) indicated that the product NATURALI-PRO BAC AP-90, is a concentration of bacteria benefits specifics of the soil in solution humus, serves like organic fertilizer and improves the condition of soils. The plants that were tested with this product, are more vigorous, with intense green color, produce premature crops, the performance is super and a better quality is given and consistency of the horticultures, fruits and grains that are obtained. 

 The polymers organic (NATURALI-PRO Gel) is base of corn starch and potato skins, as well as the polymers synthetics (Imex-Gel) in base to Co - polymer of Poly-carbonate and Policratos (94% and 6% of water), it was used as possible saving  water for irrigation.  Marshall (2002) reports a 60% of savings in the use of water in dry zones, in the Northwest of Mexico and the Region Lagunera. It indicated that the use of polymers based on sea alga super absorbent increases the severance of the plant, improvement in the germination period, reduces the "shock" of transplanting and increases the production by supplying the plant a constant supply of water. 

(1996) report, Neem (Azadirachta indicates, A.  Juss) was introduced to the state of Sonora in 1990 with the purpose to promote its adaptation to the conditions agriculture of the Valley of the Yaqui.  Due to the high contamination by agro-chemicals that exists in that region the Neem tree was represented  as a natural alternative environmental free of contamination, since its main utilization is the extraction of the oil of the seed for the elaboration of insecticides biological, and has shown that extracts control more than 200 species of plague. It has been produced in a commercial product called NEEMEX, which is applied in cultivations horticulture of exportation for the control of insects plagues of the type chupador, that is respected vectors of illnesses viruses. 

In  (2003) under the conditions of the Experimental Agricultural Field of Apodaca, belonging to ITESM, based on organic evaluations of products called NATURALI-PRO BAC AP-90 and a based on product of the Neem tree called NEEMEX, in horticultures as pumpkins, tomatoes, artichoke, carrot, melon, cucumber, watermelon, broccoli, cherry tomatoes and Chile jalapeño; they were also tested in flowers under conditions in a field of Sunflowers and carnations and in species of papaya fruit, walnut and citrus’s. Its preliminary results report a positive effect in the soils and in the prevention and control of plagues, the characteristics of the products impaction were: Reduction of the esters because of the lack of water, in the production, to produce in cold weather, to produce without fertilization, vigor and health of the plants, foliage of a dark green color, uniformed size of fruits in the crop, better quality and more robust fruits, greater performance and better flavor of the horticultures and fruits and obtained a greater shelf life. Did not have the type illnesses presence viral. A constant presence of worms in natural form, facts that were reported in the soil of the Agricultural Field, due to the increase of abalones in the soil. 

                                                                            HIPÓTESIS

 1.- WITH THE JOINT USE OF THESE FIVE MATERIAL TECHNICIANS DEVELOPS A STRONG EFFECT SYNERGETIC THAT FAVORS THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIRTH OR germination OF THE SEEDS, DEVELOPS A VIGOR FOR THE PLANTS, RESISTANCE TO ESTERS HÍDRICO, RESISTANCE TO PLAGUE AND ILLNESSES, GIVING A SUBSTANTIAL INCREMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF THE PLANTS AND FRUITS PERMITTING THE MAXIMUM EXPRESSION OF genetics OF THE VEGETABLES IN QUESTION.

    2.- THE INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IS ACCESSIBLE AND EASY TO APPLY BY THE PRODUCER. 

    3. - THE TECHNOLOGICAL PACKAGES THAT INTERVENE IN THIS TECHNOLOGY IS OF THE ORGANIC TYPE, SUPPORTING FREE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURE WITH OUT CHEMICALS THAT ALLOWS TO OBTAIN CROPS WITH INOCUIDAD ALIMENTARY FREE OF RESIDUES TOXIC AND CONTAMINANTS.      

    4.- THE ECONOMIC IMPACT AND THE ADEQUATE UTILIZATION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IS EXTENSIVELY FAVORABLE TO THE PRODUCER. 

                                                                            MATERIALS Y METHODS

The evaluation was carried out at the Experimental Agricultural Field of ITESM in Apodaca, N.L., during the early cycle, in the month of January of the 2003 planted Chile under greenhouse conditions.  Two hybrids of Chile were used jalapeño Tula and Large, was transplanted on the 27 and 28 of March.  Different packages were evaluated technological product of the combination of the proposed technologies, with the purpose to evaluate the effects synergetic, ecological, and its possible technical-economic that support the producing of horticulture in Leon. The technologies are subsequently shown:

                                                          TECHNOLOGIES TO VALIDATE

1. - Results of the capacity of retention of humidity in polymers natural and chemical. 

2.-Acceleration of the metabolism of the plants, an action of germicide for protection of the illnesses. 

3.- promoter for the development of the structure molecular of the plants for high performance.

4. - Bio-fertilizer organic based on bacteria of the soil used like mediator and fertilizer. 

5. - Bio-insecticide vegetable of extensive spectrum in control of plagues illnesses and nematodes. 

In the first test the hybrid one was evaluated with Tula in different eight tests which are the following:

“Absolute test: without any technological support. 

“Test regional: normal system of production with the utilization of agro chemicals and chemical fertilizers. 

• “Package Tec.  No. 1: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + polymer CHEMICAL (Imex-Gel)
• “Package Tec.  No. 2: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-2000VI + polymer CHEMICAL
•  “Package Tec.  No. 3: NATURALI-FOR BAC + NEEM + Q-ENERGY + polymer CHEMICAL
• “Package Tec.  No. 4: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-2000VI + Q-ENERGY + polymer CHEMICAL
• “Package Tec.  No. 5: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + Q-2000 + Q-ENERGY. 
• “Package Tec.  No. 6: WITNESS regional + polymer CHEMICAL. 

A hierarchical design type was utilized, test being carried out in eight different test producing different results.  The testing was in 6 beds separated to 1.80 m and of 90 m of long. 

In second test the large hybrid with two different tests was evaluated and  tested in the following way:

“Organic Package: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + polymer ORGANIC (NATURALI-PRO GEL).

 “Mixed Package: NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEM + polymer CHEMICAL. 

In total the experimental area was approximately a hectare.  In all the technological packages under study was 20% of the fertilizer recommended for the region (225-100-00). 

                                           VARIABLES EVALUATED IN THE PROJECT OF CHILE JALAPEÑO

For the determination of the test evaluation, in each test the four beds were 8 meters and were marked, in the first 60 meters,  8 plots were tested individually. The test were carried according to the following variables:

“Total Performance (ton/has).  “Performance average “Weight average of the fruit” Days to the start of foliation.  “Days to first cut” Height of the plant (cm.) “Root

 Length (cm.)” Incidence of plague” Percentage of viruses.  “Quality of the fruits per cut as: - Form.  - Color.  - Extreme or tip of the fruit.  - Type of epidermis.  - Thickness of the pericardia.  - Number of nodes.  - Flavor.  - General Appearance. 

Total performance

For the total performance the production in kilograms was obtained by the plot, and subsequently converted to tons per hectare. 

Performance fruit average

The fruits were taken that reached the parameters of quality that were set by the priority, as well as those fruits damaged by plagues and illnesses, using the same conversion for the total performance. 

Weight average

The average weight of the fruit was obtained dividing the total weight of the production of the plot, by the number of fruits it produced, counted and weighed the fruits in total and later classified them large, medium, small and average. 

Days of start of foliation

In the test were taken into account the days that elapsed from the time they were transplanted to the production of the first flowers. 

Days to first cut

Counted the days from the time of the transplant to the first cut.  The cuts that followed were taken into account the size of the fruits and the dates of cut were noted. 

Final height of the plant

In height, four plants in the test plot were chosen, and measured them from the neck of the stem to the apex of the most distant leaf.

Radical length

For this determination by random selection four plants were chosen, and measured their roots from the neck of the stem to the stalk or extreme more distant of each plants stocking. 

Incidence of plagues

In each test a percentage of presence plaques was taken that attack the Chiles as the vectors of virus and the growth of the Chile. 

Percentage of viruses

For the obtaining of this percentage, multiplied the number of plants with viruses for 100 and was divided among the number of plants in plot. 

DATA OF QUALITY

 In each cut a tip in a representative sample from each plot was taken,  based on the form, color, and strength of the epidermis, number of nodes, flavor, pungencies and the general appearance of the fruit. 

ADDITIONAL DATA

A record of the minimum and maximum temperatures during the cycle of the cultivation. 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

In this aspect was taken into account all the unexpected observations that showed up during the testing, one example was done to show you how to determine the presence of worms, amiable in those processes where  NATURALI-PRO Bac NP-90 was applied, to verify if is cost effective in the development of such products. For the presence of illnesses observed during the testing and the proof the results. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The conditions of  this investigation had some problems which were: the time of the test which was late for the production, since practically the transplant was carried out March 27, the 2003, normally the producers of Chile in Leon transplant in the month of January and February, to avoid the high temperatures in the months of April, May and June.  According to Valdez (1989) indicated that the Chile plant does not bear in high temperatures of 32°C and 35°C, since the high temperature provokes the fall of flowers and fruits.  As it is shown in the picture number 9 the temperatures that occurred in the months of April, May and June they exceeded 40 °C, this is an esters to which was submitted the plant, the climatic conditions that occur in this state are very contrast and weaken the plants ability to express its potential genetics, however the ability of the process was observed and a crop was obtained. 

With regard to the total performance highly significant differences among processes were found.  As it is indicated in the Picture 1 a clear tendency in the performance of the quality fruit was observed.  The greater performances were obtained in the technological packages four, five and six in the hybrid of Chile jalapeño Tula as well as in the organic package and the mixed package in the large hybrid.  In the packages of greater performance are found included the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX, Q 2000, Q 2000VI, Q-ENERGY and a polymer chemical (Imax-Gel).  In the case of the organic packages only was included the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX and a polymer organic (NATURALI-PRO Gel). 

      An important point stands out in this investigation is that all the packages in evaluation had the 20% of the fertilizer recommended for Chile jalapeño; the test organic only  had natural fertilizer, the test regional had the nutrients and the dose recommended producing Chile jalapeño under conditions of Chihuahua (Luján, ET to the. 2003). observe the total performance of the three cuts had, alone absolute test reached a performance of 1356 kg/has, the commercial witness that agro economics’ had the better conditions of fertilization and control of plagues with agro chemicals reached a production of 6855 kg /has, under the packages four, five and six which had a respective performance of 8799, 8625 and 8617 kg/has; thus Mixed and organic packages exceeded extensively the tests with productions of 10915 and 8517 kg/has. 

      The results in performance can be considered low if is compared with zones of high production of Chile jalapeño as are Lowers California, Sonorous and Sinaloa, where they have shown upper productions at 50 tons per hectare in  sowed of quilted and irrigation by leak irrigation (Ortiz, 2000), but the conditions in which produce Chile jalapeño in Leon are not the most ideal since the factor temperature and The presence of plagues and illnesses influences strongly on the potential of the hybrids that can be planted. In this state of reporting the maximum performances of 30 ton /has and with averages from 10 to 12 ton/has.  In this experiment a strong consensus was observed of plagues in which they emphasized white fly, chicharritas, and diabolical, and polygons, minador of the leaf and growth of Chile.  The first four are plagues respected for the transmission of virus, for which this was taken in account to evaluate the presence of illnesses viruses.  The product NEEMEX showed an efficient control upon white fly, pestilences, diabolical, pulgones and minador of the leaf, in this last one plot by carelessness in the applications had a high infestation, however the based on product the plant of Neem achieved to control satisfactorily.  On the other hand, the infestation had a very severe impact on the growth of the Chile, motivated by the abandonment of many fields of production in the region, in which itself does not exercise pressure to eliminate said Vegetable Committees of Healthy plants, since represent foci of infestation that damage other producers that if carry out adequate programs of control and eradication of plagues; in agreement to Show you we carried out the experiment was seen affected by plagues, affecting 40% of the performance, effect to the little efficiency in them measured of control as are the opportune epoch of application of the products and to join and to burn the Chiles infested with bugs.  Also it is important to add that the presence of illnesses was evaluated viruses and could be shown that on the one hand the product NEEMEX controlled the vectors and on the other hand the products in base to iodine’s (Q-2000, Q-SAW and Q-Energy) they avoided the presence of virus in the plants of Chile jalapeño, since according to them to show you that they were carried out in all the experimental plots but did not exist the presence of a plant with signs of virus having been a factor limited in the production to level regional. 

        By diverse factors the plots were submitted to measurement of humidity, the quantity of water applied was not measured, but the frequency of the irrigations was extended a great deal, besides as is shown in the Picture 9 rains were present, the rain chart served to verify the help of the polymers chemical and organic (NATURALI-PRO GEL).  The preliminary tests that were done with the polymer chemical (Imex-Gel), following the recommendations of the product, these first applications dried the Chile plant recently transplanted, because of that decision was taken to reducing it to the half of the dose,  applied to the technological packages in the hybrid Tula. In the Large hybrid was evaluated the polymer organic (NATURALI-PRO Gel) versus the polymer chemical.  Based on the observations in the field it indicated that the polymers of some form helped to avoid the death of the plants because of the lack of water, however is considered that the polymer chemical did not favor extensively this characteristic, since inclusive in the mixed package where applied the normal dose there were plants damaged, besides with the presence of the NATURALI-PRO Bac NP-90, able To irrigation because of  the lack of water, just as it showed  (2003) in several horticultures, under conditions of the Experimental Agricultural Field of Apodaca of the ITESM. 

      On the contrary where the organic polymer was applied, the major performance was obtained, since an effect could be shown synergetic among the bacteria of the NATURALI-PRO Bac NP-90 and the substances that compose organic polymer and are made up of corn, rice and potatoes starch; likewise in this technological package, where the plants had the best vigor, the chart coincides with the report Regarding the increments in the performance, greater growth of the plants and the savings of water that organic polymer generates. For which it is recommended to use in future evaluations and in commercial fields the organic polymer, is going to help the soil in the retention of humidity and is going to feed to the microorganisms benefices that they apply of based on products bacteria, is biodegradable, this is a major support for the soil, just as has been indicated priory by other authors (Ferrera1996). 

 Picture 1.  Commercial total performance of three cuts of Chile jalapeño, in the hybrid Tula and Large.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

    An important observation is that in packages absolute, regional 1,2,3,4,5,6,and mixed the production began to decrease after the 3dr cut but in the organic package it continued to increase (normally there are 7 cuts per year but due to the time restrains there were only 3 cut in the test) With regard to the evaluation of two variables of the plant of Chile jalapeño, in length of root (picture 2) that was obtained in an average of the eight repetitions by processing an effect of the processing was observed evaluated since the absolute witness had a length of barely 16 cm exceeded extensively by the technological package number 3 and the organic package that presented 32 cm of length of Root, the remainder of packages evaluated had in a rank from 27 to 30cm in extension of their roots exceeding also the commercial witness that presented 26 cm.  This it is a favorable characteristic that propitiator the organic processing evaluated and that helps to have a greater volume of roots and that gives capacity to deepen one more what permits to have a greater area for capacity of nutrients, besides is a characteristic that helps to the plants of Chile jalapeño to have a better anchorage and to avoid its acmes.

          In the same Picture 2 the information of the height of plant is presented, a favorable tendency in the processing was observed evaluated showing the biggest height the technological packages three, four, six and the organic one excelling the height of the plant from 71 to 73cm, the absolute witness reached barely a height of 38cm, the commercial witness had a height of 63cm being that of smaller height compared with the Remainder of the processing evaluated.  The expression of said characteristic went favorably impacted in the processing since with regard to the absolute witness had a difference of 35 cm and with the commercial witness went of 10 cm, the previous thing is important since the organic packages evaluated had a positive correlation upon the height of plant and the length of root, since these variables are considered important in the production of the Jalapeños, besides to modify said characteristics on the part of the fiscal strength enough time carries them.  For which with the application of the organic processing we can influence in a way consistent upon the vigor of the plants what is translated in a greater performance. 

When it was taken into account the days to foliation and first cut of the packages evaluated, the differences were not impact before, since the rank of variation in these variables went from 5 to 10 days.  The package regional and the package regional more the polymer chemical went the latest in producing, with 12 days of difference with regard to the best processing than was the package number four. 

 Picture 2.  Length of root and height of plant in Chile jalapeño hybrid Tula and Large.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

With the purpose to evaluate the characteristics of the soil where the evaluation was carried out were taken three samples of soil the first one corresponds where was established the absolute witness, the second shows corresponded to the location of the technological package number four, that was where was the biggest combination of products, finally the sample three was carried out in the place where was the organic package Hybrid Large.  The analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of Soils of the UANL. 

As it is shown in the Pictures 3, 4, and 5 of the respective samples, had pH slightly and moderate alkaline with values from 7.8 to 8.1, again these conditions of soil are not the most favorable for the development of the Chile jalapeño, since according to Valdez (1989) this cultivation adapts better to pH from 5.5 to 6.8.  The previous condition that the plants be in a condition to take nutrients.  The soil was   heavy condition of clay type. 

With regard to the organic content of matter in the three samples values of 3.11 were obtained, 2.77 and 3.04 being considered medium in content.  With regard to the conductivity electric the soils were moderately salty and only in the sample three where the organic package had a value of 2.82 indicating a soil slightly saline, this was an indicative in very short time an increase  in the salinity used since upon observing concentrations of 5.21 being considered soils moderately salty, the literature report Of Chile as moderately tolerant to salinity bearing contents from 4 to 10 mmho. 

With regard to the content of nutrients was found in the three content a reduction samples of nitrogen of 0.15%, an optimum content for match with values of 132, 145 and 164 being considered a good level in nutrient, with regard to the potassium in the three cases an adequate optimum level was considered. the advantage of the sample of soils  in each sub sample to observe the presence of worms; and was found in those processes where AGRO-PRO Bac AP-90 was applied, found from 1 to 3 worms and in the depth 0 to 30 cm., in the test and in the technological packages that did not include bio-fertilizer did not find any worms. which coincides with a report  by Agric (1995) relating to the high  multiplication of worms in the ground, helps favorably to the mineral and organic life of the soil with it excretes, besides influences in the major and aeration of said soils. 

Picture 3.  Analysis of soil in the absolute witness with hybrid Tula of Chile jalapeño.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

                                       ANALYSIS OF SOIL SHOWS SAMPLE  No. 1

 Picture 4.  Analysis of soil in the Technological Package four with hybrid Tula of Chile jalapeño.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLE SHOWS No. 2

 Picture 5.  Analysis of soil in the Organic Technological Package with Large hybrid of Chile jalapeño.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLE SHOWS NO. 3

       REPORT OF DIAGNOSIS OF LOADS MICROBIANAS IN TWO SAMPLES OF SOIL WERE ESTABLISHED CHILE JALAPEÑO IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURAL FIELD OF THE ITESM IN APODACA, NEW LEON.  2003. 

                                                                            OBSERVATIONS MACROSCÓPICAS

Two samples of soil for its analysis were received microbiologic, they arrived in good conditions humid and they were identified as Sample I and Sample II

MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS the observations in the microscope of dissection do not show presence of mycelium or fruitful bodies of mushrooms or insects in neither of the two samples. 

                                                                            INSULATIONS AND CULTIVATIONS

To isolate and to identify the mushrooms and first present bacteria general middles of cultivation were used of Potato dextrose Agar (PDA) and Agar Nutritious (they GO).  In both middles there was development of microorganisms, which were marked and subsequently they were passed to half selective of growth for their subsequent identification and count.  To isolate to the nematodes present used the method of extraction by flotation. 

RESULTS

Picture 6.  Present microorganisms in two samples of soil.  In an it sows of Chile jalapeño.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

*Organisms per gram in the soil X 10³

 Picture 7.  Microorganisms and present kinds in two samples of soil.  In rows sown of Chile jalapeño.  In the organic technological evaluation of packages in Apodaca, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

The quantities of Pseudomonas and Bacillus in the sample II are minimums and they could not be constant.  did not found nematodes parasites in any samples analyzed, however high populations were found of nematodes of free life (saprophytes), this is indicative of soils that have not dealt with chemical products of high residual that permits the nematodes of free life to carry out a good biological control of species fitoparásitas. 

      The previous results are shown in text as they were reported by the MC Gilds Eli Hernandez Narváez, responsible for laboratory microbiologic of the ITESM campus Monterrey. 

The sample 1 corresponds to the technological package number 4 that included NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEMEX + Q - ENERGY + Q-2000 + Q-2000VI + polymer CHEMICAL in the hybrid one Tula.  The sample 2 corresponds to the organic package that included NATURALI-PRO BAC + NEEMEX + polymer ORGANIC and the Large hybrid.  In both cases a high reproduction of bacteria due mainly to the effect of the application could be verified with NATURALI-PRO BAC NP-90, which the growth was exponential as for bacteria aerobics, also a great presence of actinomicetos.  The kinds found were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Sarcina, Clostridium and Actinomycetes.  This is the first time they were reported in New Leon the presence of two new respected kinds in this zone are Arthrobacter and Sarcina.  The development of these bacteria is associate to organic soils of type, for which is a fact  the best that existed in this experiment with the application of the better soil  is  NATURALI-PRO BAC NP-90.  Also it favored the presence of nematodes of free life that are agencies indicators of healthy soils and that its presence would help to eliminate nematodes fitoparásitos that are cause of illnesses, for which this double action that themselves report here will stimulate a great deal to producing agriculture and that they will observe a better soil. 

With relation to the quality of the fruits of Chile jalapeño harvested, the products evaluated did not affect in their parameters of form, strength, number of nodes and in the weight average, since they were shown as a typical one Chile jalapeño, however in those organic processing per themselves, the fruits were larger, of a dark green color and brilliant and with more pungencies than in the packages regionalism and The absolute test, the fruits were presented flácidos and pale. 

    Finally, when a full crop of two samples of fruits were taken, the first one was carried out in the commercial process  that included agro chemicals, the second was technological package number 4, in both cases of the Chile jalapeño Tula.  The purpose was to evaluate the presence of insecticides organ phosphorus, in this manner to verify how much residues there were, where they applied agro chemicals as well as in the organic processing.  it is shown in Picture 8 and according to a laboratory certificate in the Central Laboratory regional of Monterrey, dependent of the Committee for the Promotion and Protection Peccaries of the State of Leon, which counts on the approval before the SAGARPA as Lab.  Residues Toxic Const-007 and accreditation before EMA-SA-108-002/02, the results determined for both samples are,  no type of residue was detected  for the insecticides organic phosphorus indicated in the NOM-028-Z00-1995.  This gives it security that the products that applied in the investigation of Chile jalapeño do not generate residues toxic dangerous for the diet of the humans.  Likewise it gives certainty to the production of Chile in a way organic,  in the commercial test where they applied insecticides organic phosphorus, as is the case of Clorpirifos (Lorsban);  they did not detected residues.  Also it assures the organic technological utilization of packages for agriculture free of residues toxic and contaminants, giving a greater certainty to the production with included alimentary.  To this respect it has  indicated that the chemical products that have more than 40 years in use and are considered of the most toxic chemicals used in the cultivations, affect to the nervous system of the humans and inhibit the enzymes that play a very important part in the transmission of nervous signs (Whiteside, 1999). 

It had a positive effect in the betterment of the soils and in the prevention and control of plagues, in the characteristics where the products impaction were: Reduction of the condition of the lack of water, precocidad in the production, to produce with the 20% of the fertilizer, vigor and health of the plants, foliage of a dark green color, uniformed of fruits in the crop, better quality and intense colors of The fruits, greater performance and a greater life of shelf.  It did not have the type illnesses presence viral and itself constant the presence of worms in natural form. 

In view of the savings that had in the application of the water of irrigation, in the fertilization and in the use of bio- insecticides in a way more rational, itself

It was able determine that is feasible to reduce the costs of production of Chile jalapeño with the alternative organic use of packages, with the economic benefit of the producers, not contamination of the medium environment and the free production of fruits of residues toxic and contaminants what will favor extensively to the agriculture of the State of Leon. 

 PICTURE 8.  ANALYSIS OF RESIDUES OF INSECTICIDES ORGANOFOSFORADOS IN TWO SAMPLES OF CHILE JALAPEÑO HYBRID TULA.  IN THE ORGANIC TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PACKAGES IN APODACA, N.  L.  ITESM.  2003. 

 PICTURE 9.   MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES AND PREDICATION IN AGRICULTURAL FIELD ITESM - APODACA.  2003. 

TEMPERATURAS MÁXIMUM AND MÍNIMUM

 PRECIPITACIÓN DURING THE TEST

           JULIO

                                                                                           CONCLUSIONS

The better performances were found in the alternative organic packages four, five and six in the hybrid of Chile jalapeño Tula, as well as in the organic package and the mixed package in the large hybrid.  In the packages of greater performance are found included the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX, Q 2000, Q 2000 I SAW, Q-ENERGY and a polymer chemical (Imex-Gel).  In the case of the organic packages only was included the products NATURALI-PRO BAC, NEEMEX and a polymer organic (NATURALI-PRO GEL). 

The organic products influenced favorably in greater height of the plant, more length of root, excellent vigor of the plants, free of viruses and free attractive, and green, larger fruits of residues and contaminants toxic. 

the load bacteria specific a constant  presence of bacteria again in New Leon and nematodes of free life that are indicatives of a better soil and free, organic tendency of insecticides. 

With the savings  in the application of the water of irrigation, in the fertilization and in the use of bio-insecticides fertilizers of in a way more rational soil, was able determine that is feasible to reduce the costs of production of Chile jalapeño with the alternative organic use of packages, with the economic benefit of the producers, does not  contamination  the environment produces fruits free of residues toxic and contaminants and will favor extensively to the agriculture of the State of Leon. 

                                                                                    LITERATURE CITED

 1.- NATURALI-PRO sa. de cv.  NATURALI-PRO Bac NP-90.  Fertilizing organic, conditioner and better soils, a product of the nature for the producer.  Guadalajara. Jalisco. Mx

 2.- Claverán, A.  R. 1996.  Perspectives of the investigation for the organic production.  In: Zapata, A.  R.  J. and R.  Cauldron A.  Publishing.  National forum upon Organic Agriculture.  Autonomous university Metropolitan.  Mexico, D.F. 

 3.- Ferrara, C.  R. and S.  Santamaría R.  1996.  The biotransformation of the organic matter and the use of microorganisms in the agriculture.  In: Zapata, A. R.  J. and R.  Cauldron A.  Publishing.  National forum upon Organic Agriculture.  Autonomous university Metropolitan.  Mexico, D.F. 

 4 .- LUJAN FAVELA, Manuel, Gerardo F.  RODRIGUEZ, Francisco J.  QUIÑONES PANDO, Hugo Raúl URIBE MOUNT, Mario BERZOZA MARTINEZ, José Luis ALDABA ROCK, Roberto GALVAN LICK, Raúl Rodríguez Martínez and Noé Chávez Sánchez.  2002.  Technological package of the Cultivation of Chile Jalapeño in the State of Chihuahua.  Experimental field Delights.  INIFAP.  Delights, Chihuahua. 

 5.-DALE CHRISLEY 2002. Developer of Organic Polymer and NATURALI-PRO Bac NP-90 Products NATURALI-PRO Company. 

 6.-  MURRIETA, Ignacio.  1996.  Investigation and potential biotechnological of the Neem Azadirachta indicates A.  Juss in the South of Sonorous.  Memory.  III National Congress of Biotechnological Farm and Forest.  Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico. 

 7. MURRIETA, Ignacio.  2003.  INVESTIGATIONS WITH ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL PACKAGES IN HORTALIZAS.  PRELIMINARY

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